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The “National Emergency Library”, the digital divide, and the future of literacy

I was going to wait a little longer before posting this, but then I saw that a number of news sites are now summing the situation up effectively. Here’s a link to NPR’s story, which includes an acknowledgement that they failed to mention the issue of piracy when they initially reported, favorably, on the National Emergency Library last week.

The “emergency” library set up by the Internet Archive is not an acceptable response to the shutdown of practically everything in the wake of the coronavirus; it cheats authors, booksellers, and publishers out of money they’ve earned the hard way. But the response also reveals something about the privilege necessary to be a reader, and, in particular, a reader of ebooks. I find it fascinating that the same people who were totally against ebooks 20 years ago are now evangelizing them, as if they are the great solution to having our bookstores and libraries closed.  Libraries have free access to ebooks, right? Well, not really. What libraries have is expensive access to ebooks. Libraries pay for each ebook license they purchase, much more than they would for a hardcover copy, and can only check out the book a limited number of times before the license expires and they have to get a new one.  The same ebook can only be checked out to one person at a time. The result, unless you live in a community that is willing to empty its pockets and then some to fund a library ebook collection, is that most libraries have limited ebook collections.  I actually do live in one of those communities, and there are still a lot of books that don’t show up when I search them in ebook format.  So yes, libraries can provide “free” access to ebooks, but not all libraries have all ebooks available to their users.

Accessing ebooks also requires technology. It is a privilege to have an ereader, a tablet, or a smartphone to read off of (it’s also a privilege to be able to read off a computer screen but I find it practically impossible) There is a literacy gap, a digital divide, that is uncrossable when the only access to books is electronic and there’s no tangible community space for books to be shared. Those ebooks nearly always exist in some kind of account in the cloud out there so you can find them when you want them.  An account probably means some kind of personal information on file.  For those of us who can’t find what we need in our library’s ebook collection, it is a privilege to be able to afford to purchase ebooks, even on the cheap, and probably the majority of those are purchased through Amazon or read through their app (yes, even library ebooks).

Something like the National Emergency Library exists in part because Brewster Kahle saw an opportunity and grabbed it. Many people assumed it was the same kind of thing as Project Gutenberg, with all the works legally available, because it presents itself as legit. But it becomes popular, in spite of the knowledge that many works are pirated, because reading is a privilege, one many can’t afford.

I think one thing that is becoming increasingly obvious as people  “shelter in place” is how deep the divisions are when it comes to access to even the basics. As all parents have now suddenly become homeschool teachers, the socioeconomic and educational disparities affecting children’s education and their reading skills are going to become more and more evident. I was able to check out a Chromebook from the district for my kids to use to do their schoolwork on remotely, but some kids in other districts are working their way through paper packets.

For those people who have the technology and the funds, this is less of a big deal. But for those who don’t, well, without the necessary technology at their fingertips, we are poised to lose a generation of readers.

There is something inherently wrong with a bookish ecosystem where the majority of writers and booksellers are struggling to keep afloat, libraries are begging for funding, schools are falling apart, access to technology is scattershot, and the people who need  information, help, and books the most are least likely to receive it.  I don’t know how we fix this, but the beginning is recognizing that the surprise creation of the National Emergency Library is not something that needs a one-time fix. It’s a sign of a systemic failure in the bookish community, and that’s bad for all of us.

I am heartened to see the responses of many authors, who are either sharing their own work online or have given others permission to do so, and publishers (here’s a statement from the American Association of Publishers on their response, including education publishers. It’s long and detailed, and completely worth going through).  Great work is also being done by the people who really want to support authors; Jim McLeod of Ginger Nuts of Horror has started a Facebook group for horror authors and publishers with books coming out now called Pandemic Book Launches.  I am so thankful to see members of the bookish community working together to bring people together with books. The current situation has arisen from worldwide emergency, and it’s amazing to see what people are willing to do to make things work, but I don’t think it is sustainable long-term. Where do we go from here, to bridge that digital divide and ensure a future of engaged readers? With the cracks in the system now obvious to everyone, we cannot go back to the way things were.

Posted on March 31, 2020 by , Reply

Musings: The Dark Fantastic: Race and Imagination from Harry Potter to the Hunger Games by Ebony Elizabeth Thomas

The Dark Fantastic: Race and Imagination from Harry Potter to the Hunger Games by Ebony Elizabeth Thomas

NYU Press, 2019

ISBN-13: 978-1479800650

Available: Hardcover, Kindle edition

 

In today’s networked world, much of children’s and young adult literature isn’t limited to one reader’s immersion in the pages of a book. Authors’ worlds are reimagined in other media formats, and re-enacted, discusses, and reinvented in communities of fans of the stories. Yet, even within these imagined worlds, not everyone can find a mirror that reflects their experiences, and characters of color are often stereotyped and marginalized instead of centered. Ebony Elizabeth Thomas calls this the “imagination gap” and suggests that this may be one reason children of color may choose not to read.  In The Dark Fantastic, Thomas takes an intersectional approach, using”critical race counterstorytelling” to center four girls of color from television and movies based on children’s and young adult fiction that have developed fandoms: Rue, from The Hunger Games, Bonnie, from The Vampire Diaries; Gwen, from Merlin; and Angelina Johnson, from Harry Potter. Thoma uses an autoethnographic approach to explore her perspectives on these as an academic, a participant in fan communities, a reader, a watcher, and a person of color, at a variety of ages.

Thomas explains that the role of darkness in speculative fiction, or the “fantastic” is to disturb and unsettle. Even if initially there was a different reason why darkness represented a frightening or monstrous unknown Other, it’s now inextricably bound up with our thinking about race.  She defines the cycle of the “dark fantastic”, which can always be found in fantastic and horror fiction: spectacle, hesitation, violence, haunting, and, finally, emancipation. It is rare to see a dark-skinned hero, or emancipated character, meaning readers of color looking to identify with characters like themselves get the message, at least on some level, that they are the monster. Centering characters that are the “dark other” in the fantastic and placing them in unexpected roles leads to readers and fans challenging or rejecting the representations, especially once the story has been been reimagined on the screen where everyone can see what before was just in one person’s imagination.

Thomas chose to center her narratives on characters that are not centered in the texts they appear in . She explored the representations of these characters onscreen and in the texts the screen versions were based on, and the reactions of fan communities, like the outrage at the casting of mixed-race actress Amandla Sternberg as Rue in The Hunger Games, despite author Suzanne Collins indicating in the text that Rue had dark skin, or at the casting of mixed-race actress Angel Coulby as Guinivere in Merlin, since according to many, she didn’t have the “legendary beauty” expected of Arthur’s queen.  The “imagination gap” here is pretty clear. Too many people simply weren’t prepared to accept these mixed-race actresses as innocent or beautiful, and missed out on the essential meaning of these characters or enjoyment of the story.  The exploration of the treatment of Bonnie Bennett of The Vampire Diaries is interesting, because in the books, the character is named Bonnie McCullough and is a redheaded Irish witch from a line of druids who has a relationship with a major love interest.  On the television show, her background was completely revised and she ended up as a much less sympathetic character, taking a much smaller role. Even in horror, with vampires as major characters, a girl of color still ended up as the “dark other”.

Thomas argues in favor of consciously intervening to change culture. Publishers, reviewers, booksellers, librarians, educators, and marketers need to recognize the parts they do play and can play in bringing new stories and diverse talents to readers and audiences in order to close the “imagination gap” and open up what Thomas calls “infinite storyworlds”.

The way Thomas linked literature to other media and both individual and networked fandom has given me a new way to think about fantastic literature and media adaptations, and the way fans and fan creators connect with them– or don’t (This essay by Laurie Penny, which I just discovered, gives additional context and dimensionality to Thomas’ ideas). It also provides lot of food for thought as regards centering characters that are usually on the margins, and the way the construction of darkness in fiction may be affecting reading motivation.  As Thomas notes, things in the world of children’s and young adult transmedia are changing faster than they were, in part due to the spread of technology that allows more input from collective audiences and fandoms, and diversity is increasing. I look forward to the time when we will start to see the imagination gap lessen, and more minds open to opportunities for storytelling that reflect multiple representations.

This is essential reading for scholars of children’s and young adult literature and media, but Thomas’ cycle of the dark fantastic applies across all fantastic literature and media, and if you are interested in how race, technology, and imagination are intersecting and playing out in our culture, this does a very good job of providing a framework for understanding.  While she didn’t read it cover-to-cover, my 11 year old daughter is still talking about ideas she encountered in this book, which says a lot about its relevance, originality, and accessibility. Highly recommended.

 

Posted on August 29, 2019 by , Reply

Book Review: Between Worlds by Skip Brittenham

Between Worlds by Skip Brittenham
G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 2016
ISBN-13: 978-0399176890
Available: Hardcover, Kindle edition, Audible edition

 

Between Worlds is a YA mash-up of the science fiction, fantasy, and romance genres that markets itself as providing an immersive augmented reality experience. Augmented reality, if you haven’t experienced it, adds new aspects to your existing reality and allows you to manipulate them in a 3D environment. In the case of Between Worlds, you can download an app that uses the camera of a smartphone or tablet to create the illusion that the people and creatures in the book’s color illustrations are three-dimensional and can move around on the page in limited ways, depending on where you move your camera screen.  This is a pretty neat trick that you would expect to engage teens, and when I tried it out with my son, he got very excited about the concept. However, there were a limited number of color illustrations, and the app didn’t work with all of them, so he quickly got frustrated and abandoned the book.

It’s neat to see publishers trying new things and taking risks to create a more immersive and attractive reading experience, and the idea is an interesting one, but it still needs work. I don’t think it would necessarily work on a large scale, since most people don’t want to download an app for every book they read, and having to stop reading to activate the illustrations actually doesn’t create an immersive reading experience– it breaks it down. Based on my son’s reaction, the AR aspect of the book was enough to catch his attention, but not enough to convince him to read it. This might work better with nonfiction: a few years ago we reviewed a nonfiction book called Horrible Hauntings that used this technology very effectively to simulate ghosts moving around in the illustrations on the pages for each entry.

The story itself was okay, but it didn’t impress me. Although it had some interesting ideas, they weren’t fully explored, and the primary characters, Mayberry and Marshall, were flat and unsympathetic. Mayberry was the brainy new girl whose urban “coolness” and obnoxious attitude left her on the fringe in her rural high school. Marshall was the geeky prankster from a well-known and formerly wealthy family that had fallen on hard times, and who has a secret crush on her. The two bond over their outsider status and love of science. When Marshall learns that Mayberry’s mother, a biologist, is studying a local colony of quaking aspen trees, he suggests to Mayberry that they break in to the restricted forest to seek out the mythical Wishing Tree that is supposedly at the center of the grove. Mild teen rebellion, science fiction, fantasy, and a touch of wish-fulfillment romance ensue. Despite packing all that in (and an alternate reality with the potential to be very interesting), the characters and story just aren’t enough on their own, and with the AR breaking the flow of the reading experience instead of enhancing it, the book is only temporarily enticing.

I think it’s great to see a major publisher trying new things to enhance the reading experience, and I hope we’ll continue to see experimentation. However, the story on its own was not enough to carry this reader, and I don’t think this particular experiment was a success. I look forward to seeing what comes next!

Reviewed by Kirsten Kowalewski


Posted on October 26, 2016 by , Reply
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